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ramé-hart
Goniometer Accessories
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Automated Dispensing System
P/N
100-22-100
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The
ramé-hart Automated Dispensing System is a software-driven for
producing precise pendant and sessile drops and is particularly
useful for dynamic studies - such as advancing / receding studies.
For more information, click here.
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Automated Tilting
Base
P/N 100-25-A
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Advancing
and receding contact angles are readily determined by inclining the
substrate and allowing the drop to deform as a function of gravity.
By mounting a ramé-hart goniometer on the optional Automated Tilting Base, it is possible to incline not only the substrate
but the entire instrument, preserving the optics-to-specimen
alignment. This technique greatly expedites such measurements. The
Automated Tilting Base is fully software driven and is supported by
DROPimage Advanced v2.3 and above. This option is supported by
Models 250 and 500.
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Manual Tilting
Base
P/N 100-25-M
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This
tilting base is the same as 100-25-A except instead of being
software-driven, it's manually driven -- with a hand crank. The 100-25-M
can be upgraded to the Automated version with the upgrade kit p/n
100-25-U. This option is supported on every current-generation
ramé-hart instrument.
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Environmental
Chamber
P/N
100-07
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This option, in conjunction with any Model 100-00, 300, or 500 ramé-hart goniometer,
permits controlled conditions for the study of contact angle,
surface energy, and surface tension. Controlled elevated temperatures to 300 C are produced by the
integral electrical heaters, while sub-ambient temperatures can be
produced by circulating a suitable coolant through the base of the
chamber. Fittings for this purpose, and others for atmosphere
control, are furnished. The chamber is suitable for vacuum use and
pressures to 0.6 Atmospheres. Custom designed environmental chambers
are available by special request. This option requires a
Proportional Temperature Controller in if regulated elevated
temperature is desired.
Additionally, a quartz cell (p/n 100-07-50) is available for
liquid/liquid, inverted sessile drop, and captive bubble studies. A
Cover with Stage assembly (p/n 100-09-10, shown below) is also
available to facilitate advanced studies requiring a submerged
adjustable stage.
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Proportional Temperature Controller
P/N 100-50
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The
ramé-hart Proportional Temperature Controller permits precisely
regulated temperatures between ambient and 300°
C and is used in conjunction with the ramé-hart Environmental
Chamber p/n 100-07, Elevated Temperature Syringe p/n 100-11, and the
ramé-hart High Pressure Chamber p/n 100-08. Available in 115V and
230V versions with
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Chamber
Cover with Stage
P/N
100-09-10
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Replaces
the standard cover supplied with Chamber 100-07. Contains an
externally adjustable substrate stage and permits studies of sessile
drops on either side of substrate (normal and inverted), or captive
bubbles on the underside. Substrate clamping will also accommodate
films. Cover is equipped with an O-ring seal to interface with
Elevated Temperature Syringe 100-11.
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Elevated
Temperature Syringe
P/N
100-11
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Functionally
similar to the Micro-syringe Attachment 100-10, this unit permits
forming drops of materials which have melting points as high as 230°
C. May be used with Chamber 100-07 and Cover 100-09-10 for
controlled environment studies. Test materials contact only glass
and stainless steel.
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Film
Clamps
P/N
100-15
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The
Film Clamps are furnished as a pair and mount directly to the
working surface of the stage assembly of any ramé-hart goniometer.
Their function is to maintain flatness of film-type substrates and
they can also be utilized to secure specimens to the stage when
using the tilting base to evaluate advancing and receding contact
angles.
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Immersible
Film Stage
P/N
100-16
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This
unit fits within the interior of our Environmental Chamber,
providing a convenient means of supporting small, film-type
substrates. A screw-activated tensioning method is provided to
eliminate ripples from the substrate.
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High
Pressure Chamber
P/N
100-08
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Use
of this accessory with the ramé-hart goniometer permits
liquid/liquid or liquid/liquid/solid studies to be performed at
pressures of up to 68 Atmospheres and at temperatures to 230 C.
Elevated temperatures are produced by integral electrical heaters.
Liquid pressure is generated by a static pressurization system
attached to the chamber. The chamber contains an externally
adjustable substrate positioning stage. This high pressure chamber
is for use with non-hazardous liquids only.
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Environmental
Fixture
P/N
100-07-60
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This
unit provides evaporation or humidity control only. It incorporates
our Model 100-07-50 Quartz Cell to provide distortion-free viewing.
Outfitted with a suspension stage for solid substrate fixturing
and/or immersion in bulk liquid of quartz vessel. This option is
ideal for liquid/liquid studies, as well as captive bubble, and
inverted sessile drop experiments.
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Quartz Cell
P/N
100-07-50
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This
Quartz Cell option is included with the Environmental Fixture p/n
100-07-60 and
can be ordered as a replacement part for that option. The quartz
cell also is designed to work inside of the Environmental Chamber
p/n 100-07. It can also be
used stand-alone for liquid/liquid and captive bubble studies.
Click here for more detailed
specifications.
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Environmental
Chamber with Humidity
P/N
100-07-H
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This
accessory permits studies under controlled conditions of humidity
and temperature. Specifically designed for the semiconductor
industry, the chamber contains a 4" rotating wafer support
enabling multiple readings via an external control. Elevated
temperatures to 230ş C and humidity levels up to 100% are generated
and controlled by integral systems. A custom cover is designed per
customer specifications according to the number and location of
syringes desired.
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Rotating
Wafer Support
P/N
100-21-xx
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The
rotating support maintains flatness and position of 4",
6", 8", 10" and 12" wafers in order to achieve contamination-free
contact angle readings. It incorporates a rotating stage plate with
displacement holes creating the appropriate suction. The wafer
support mounts directly to the stage of the Contact Angle
Goniometer. Requirements for larger wafer supports can be
accommodated. Models 100-00, 300, and 500 support all sizes of
rotating wafer. Model 400 supports and includes an 8" wafer support.
Other models support smaller supports (4") only. Check current
product matrix for detailed specifications.
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Vacuum Chuck Support
P/N
100-21-VCx
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The
6" and 8" vacuum chuck support hold down large films and other
flexible substrates while surface studies are performed. Supported
on Models 100-00, 300, 400 and 500.
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Lead
Frame Support
P/N
100-23
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This
accessory maintains flatness and position of lead frames in order to
achieve accurate contact angle for precise positioning of each
testing surface. This support mounts directly to the stage of the
Contact Angle Goniometer. Size requirements for various lead frames
are easily accommodated by our manufacturing facility.
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Imaging Upgrade Kits
P/N
400-22-xx
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For
over 40 years, ramé-hart has built contact angle tools. Many of the
legacy instruments, in particular Model 100-00 with a manual
microscope, are still in use. Our manual-to-automated Imaging Kit
provides all of the necessary components to upgrade a legacy
instrument to function as a current-generation instrument. We add a
digital FireWire camera, our DROPimage software, PC and LCD, and all
necessary components to convert a legacy tool into a current
generation tool allowing you to preserve your investment while
keeping up with the advances in imaging technology. We have another
upgrade kit that will upgrade any legacy analog camera system to a
current-generation digital system which operates at 10 to 4 times
faster than legacy camera systems.
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Microsyringe Fixture
P/N
100-10
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The
microsyringe fixture facilitates rapid and precise formation of
pendant and sessile drops. Following placement of a sessile drop, the syringe
is easily swung from the field of view. It will return to its exact
working location for placement of the subsequent drop.
Alternatively, it can remain at the working location, allowing the
user to continuously add or withdraw fluid from a sessile drop for
the purpose of forming advancing or receding contact angles. Test
fluids contact only glass or Teflon within the micrometer-activated
syringe. The interchangeable dispensing needles are stainless steel
which readily form pendant or sessile drops.
This attachment is now included with all ramé-hart goniometer
systems but is available as an option for users of our legacy
instruments that did not
include this accessory.
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Overhead Lighting Shade
P/N 100-24
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This accessory attaches to the micro-syringe fixture and provides
effective blocking of overhead and ambient light sources, which if
left unblocked, can frustrate the image quality and instrument
accuracy of camera-based systems. Recommended for all automated
goniometers in environments where ambient and overheard lighting
causes reflection on the bubble. Models 200, 250, 300, and 500 that
shipped after Jan 1 2004 include this fixture as standard equipment.
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For
more information, please email
carl@ramehart.com
©2008,
ramé-hart instrument co. All rights reserved. |
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goniometer ramehart goniometer rame-hart goniometer ramé-hart goniometer contact
angle NRL Zisman NRL Contact Angle Goniometer pendant drop sessile drop
ramé-hart instrument co. rame-hart, inc. optical instrument fib
The ramé-hart contact angle goniometer
was made in Mountain Lakes, NJ but is now made in Netcong, NJ. ramé-hart is also
known as rame-hart ramehart and Rame-hart but ramé-hart is the correct spelling.
The ramé-hart NRL goniometer was invented by Dr. William A. Zisman at the Navel
Research Laboratory in Washington DC. The ramé-hart contact angle goniometer is
used to measure contact angle, surface energy and surface tension. Carl Clegg is
a salesman at ramé-hart instrument company. Ron Polo, Carmel Mulroy, and Gerd
Fischer work at ramé-hart instrument company. The ramé-hart contact angle
goniometer uses the pendant drop, sessile drop, and other methods. ramé-hart instrument co.,
formerly a part of rame-hart, inc. manufactures optical instruments. The fiber optic
illuminator and Automated Dispensing System are part of the system. The environmental chamber
and proportional temperature controller are optional components as well as the environmental
fixture, environmental chamber with humidity, high pressure chamber, circular vacuum chuck, humidity
control, rotating wafer, lead frame support. Finn Knut Hansen is the
author of DROPimage Advanced and DROPimage Standard and DROPimage CA. The
ramé-hart contact angle goniometer is availabe in the following models: Model 100 Model A100 Model A-100 Model 100-00 Model Model
100-F0 Model 120-F0 Model 200 Model 200-F1 Model 300 Model 300-F1 Model 250
Model 250-F1 Model 400-F1 Model 500 Model 500-F1; the 3-axis stage rail is
avialable in 16" 20" 21". Dr. Zisman of the Naval Research Lab NRL
in Washington DC stuided adhesion, wettability, contact
angle and surface science including monolayers energetics, static dynamic contact angle,
velocity, viscosity, interfacial (behaviour) behavior, contact angle interpretation
and hysteresis energetics, surface contamination, cleaning polymer coatings,
characterization and application of polymided synthesis particles on
surfaces, metallized plastics, silanes and other coupling agents, polymer surface
modification, relevance to adhesion acid base acid-base, dynamic surface
characterization, mittal tissue, films, coatings, coupling agents,
powders fibers, wood products, papers, polymers, monolayers, bioadhesion,
ophthalmology, surface science, instruments, liquid, solid surface energy, surface
tension interface, interfacial tension analysis, quantitative measure of
the wetting of a solid by a liquid. Analysis characterizes the wettability of a
surface by measuring the contact angle. Contact angle describes the shape of a
liquid droplet resting on a solid surface. The roughness of a surface improves
the wettability for hydrophilic surfaces; hydrophobic surfaces. Young's equation,
which interrelates the contact angle and surface tensions of the liquid and
solid phases. International Symposium on Contact Angle, Wettability and
Adhesion. The angle of contact is the angle between the tangent to the periphery
of the point of contact with the solid. Capillarity is an effect when liquid in
a narrow vertical tube becomes elevated or depressed. When a liquid does not
spread on a substrate (usually a solid), a contact. angle (θ) is formed which is
defined as the angle. Contact angle measuring unit for characterization of
hydrophobicity of film surfaces are used in controlling cleaning processes. A
computer controlled contact angle analyzer makes it easy to measure static and
dynamic contact angle, along with surface tension and surface energy. CONTACT
ANGLE MEASUREMENT is a common method to obtain surface energies of materials.
The measurement by itself is nothing novel; however, the relationship of contact
angle to surface energetics requires a good deal of understanding. I have
published several papers regarding various aspects of that relationship,
especially related to polymers. Surface energy quantifies the disruption of
chemical bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In the physics of solids,
surfaces. The contact angle is the angle at which a liquid/vapor interface meets
the solid surface. The contact angle is specific for any given system and is
determined by the interactions across the three interfaces. Most often the
concept is illustrated with a small liquid droplet resting on a flat horizontal
solid surface. The shape of the droplet is determined by the Young-Laplace
equation. The contact angle plays the role of a boundary condition. Contact
angle is measured using a contact angle goniometer. The contact angle is not
limited to a liquid/vapor interface; it is equally applicable to the interface
of two liquids or two vapors. The static sessile drop method The sessile drop
method is measured by a contact angle goniometer using an optical subsystem to
capture the profile of a pure liquid on a solid substrate. The angle formed
between the liquid/solid interface and the liquid/vapor interface is the contact
angle. Older systems used a microscope optical system with a back light.
Current-generation systems employ high resolutions cameras and software to
capture and analyze the contact angle. The dynamic sessile drop method The
dynamic sessile drop is similar to the static sessile drop but requires the drop
to be modified. A common type of dynamic sessile drop study determines the
largest contact angle possible without increasing its solid/liquid interfacial
area by adding volume dynamically. This maximum angle is the advancing angle.
Volume is removed to produce the smallest possible angle, the receding angle.
The difference between the advancing and receding angle is the contact angle
hysteresis. Dynamic Wilhelmy method A method for calculating average advancing
and receding contact angles on solids of uniform geometry. Both sides of the
solid must have the same properties. Wetting force on the solid is measured as
the solid is immersed in or withdrawn from a liquid of known surface tension.
Single-fiber Wilhelmy method Dynamic Wilhelmy method applied to single fibers to
measure advancing and receding contact angles. Powder contact angle method
Enables measurement of average contact angle and sorption speed for powders and
other porous materials. Change of weight as a function of time is measured. The
dynamic contact angles of water on these surfaces are carefully measured and
found to be consistent with the theoretical predictions of the Cassie model and
the Wenzel model. When a water drop is at the Wenzel state, its contact angle
hysteresis increases along with an increase in the surface roughness. While the
surface roughness is further raised beyond its transition roughness (from the
Wenzel state to the Cassie state), the contact angle hysteresis (or receding
contact angle) discontinuously drops (or jumps) to a lower (or higher) value. In
surface science, an instrument generally called a contact angle goniometer is
used to measure the contact angle at which a liquid/vapor interface meets a
solid surface. The first contact angle goniometer was designed by Dr. William
Zisman of the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC and
manufactured by ramé-hart of Mountain Lakes, NJ. This tool is used not only for
contact angle and surface energy applications, but also to measure surface
tension using pendant drop, sessile drop, and other methods. The original manual
contact angle goniometer used an eyepiece with microscope. The current
generation of contact angle instruments uses cameras and software to capture and
analyze the drop shape and are better suited for dynamic and advanced studies.
Surface energy is most commonly quantified using a contact angle goniometer and
a number of different methods. Thomas Young described surface energy as the
interaction between the forces of cohesion and the forces of adhesion which, in
turn, dictate if wetting occurs. If wetting occurs, the drop will spread out
flat. In most cases, however, the drop will bead to some extent and by measuring
the contact angle formed where the drop makes contact with the solid the surface
energies of the system can be measured. Young also developed the well-regarded
Young's Modulus which is used to measure the stiffness of a material as well as
Young's Equation which defines the balances of forces caused by a wet drop on a
dry surface. If the surface is hydrophobic then the contact angle of a drop of
water will be larger. Hydrophilicity is indicated by smaller contact angles and
higher surface energy. Water has high surface energy by nature; it's polar and
forms hydrogen bonds. In the case of "dry wetting", one can use the Young-Dupree
equation which is expressed by the work of adhesion. This method accounts for
the surface pressure of the liquid vapor which can be significant. Pierre-Gilles
De Gennes, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, describes wet and dry wetting and
how the difference between the two relates to whether or not the vapor is
saturated .